2007 – A raid on Anuradhapura Air Force Base is carried out by 21 Tamil Tiger commandos, with all except one dying in this attack.1999 – Maurice Papon, an official in the Vichy government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.Eisenhower, announces that American reconnaissance planes have discovered Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba, and that he has ordered a naval 'quarantine' of the Communist nation. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis: President Kennedy, after internal counsel from Dwight D.1947 – The Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan begins, having started just after the partition of India.1943 – World War II: In the second firestorm raid on Germany, the RAF conducts an air raid on the town of Kassel, killing 10,000 and rendering 150,000 homeless.1941 – World War II: French resistance member Guy Môquet and 29 other hostages are executed by the Germans in retaliation for the death of a German officer.1923 – The royalist Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup d'état attempt fails in Greece, discrediting the monarchy and paving the way for the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic.1884 – The International Meridian Conference designates the Royal Observatory, Greenwich as the world's prime meridian.1866 – A plebiscite ratifies the annexation of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, which had occurred three days before on 19 October.1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas.1797 – André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump, from 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above Paris.1790 – Northwest Indian War: Native American forces defeat the United States, ending the Harmar Campaign.1784 – Russia founds a colony on Kodiak Island, Alaska.1777 – American Revolutionary War: American defenders of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River repulse repeated Hessian attacks in the Battle of Red Bank.1739 – The War of Jenkins' Ear begins with the first attack on La Guaira.1721 – The Russian Empire is proclaimed by Tsar Peter I after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War.In response, the first Longitude Act is enacted in 1714.

1707 – Four British naval vessels run aground on the Isles of Scilly because of faulty navigation.1633 – The Ming dynasty defeats the Dutch East India Company.Rival claimants begin a period of civil war and disorder.1383 – The male line of the Portuguese House of Burgundy becomes extinct with the death of King Fernando, leaving only his daughter Beatrice.906 – Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire, taking 4,000–5,000 captives.794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (now Kyoto).

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